What are Fixed Charges?

Fixed charges are overhead costs that are not closely associated with activity levels. That is, these costs will likely be incurred by a business even if there are greatly reduced sales. Fixed charges can represent the majority of all expenditures incurred by a business, especially if the organization has a large fixed asset base that it must maintain, irrespective of the actual level of sales. Thus, an oil refinery can be expected to have a much higher proportion of fixed charges than a consulting practice. When expenses are largely comprised of fixed charges, it is much easier for a business to predict its future expenses via a budget, since these costs rarely change.

How to Analyze Fixed Charges

If a business is subject to a large proportion of fixed charges, it can make sense to routinely compare these charges to an adjusted earnings figure, to see if the business has sufficient earnings to pay for the charges. Use the fixed charge coverage ratio to conduct this analysis. In addition, conduct a sales breakeven analysis, which compares the fixed charges of a business to its contribution margin, to determine the sales level at which a business will exactly cover all of its fixed charges. If this sales level is above a firm’s current sales level, then it is likely that the business is not financially viable.

Related AccountingTools Course

Cost Accounting Fundamentals

Accounting for Fixed Charges

If fixed charges are associated with production activities, they are rolled into an overhead cost pool and then allocated to the production units manufactured during the period to which the charges apply. If the fixed charges are instead associated with administrative activities, they are charged to expense as incurred. This means that some production-related fixed charges are essentially being capitalized and not charged to expense until a future period, when the associated production units are sold.

Examples of Fixed Charges

Here is a list of fixed charges that are commonly found in most businesses:

Rent or lease payments. Includes the rent for office spaces, factories, or warehouses, as well as lease payments for equipment or vehicles.
Depreciation. Includes the depreciation of tangible fixed assets, such as machinery, buildings, or equipment.
Amortization. Includes the amortization of intangible assets, such as patents, copyrights, or trademarks.
Insurance premiums. Includes the premiums for property insurance, liability insurance, or other long-term coverage.
Interest expenses. Includes the interest on loans, bonds, or other long-term debt obligations.
Property taxes. Includes the taxes assessed on real estate or other fixed assets.
Salaries. Includes the salaries of management and administrative personnel (not linked to production).
Utilities. Includes the base charges for utilities like electricity, water, or gas, excluding usage-related costs.
Licenses and permits. Includes fixed fees for maintaining business licenses or permits.
Subscriptions. Includes the costs for fixed subscriptions (e.g., software licenses or industry memberships).
Equipment maintenance contracts. Includes the fixed annual or periodic fees for equipment servicing agreements.