How to convert cash basis to accrual basis accounting
/Cash vs. Accrual Basis Accounting
Under the cash basis of accounting, business transactions are only recorded when the cash related to them is either issued or received. Thus, you would record a sale under the cash basis when the organization receives cash from its customers, not when it issues invoices to them. The cash basis is commonly used in small businesses, since it requires only a limited amount of accounting expertise. However, it may be necessary to convert to the accrual basis of accounting, perhaps to have the company's books audited in preparation for its sale, or to go public, or to obtain a loan. The accrual basis is used to record revenues and expenses in the period when they are earned, irrespective of actual cash flows.
Why Switch from Cash to Accrual Basis Accounting?
There are several reasons why businesses switch from the cash basis to the accrual basis of accounting. One is that doing so puts their accounting records in compliance with the applicable accounting framework, which is usually Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (in the United States). Any investor or lender will want to see financial statements that have been formulated under the accrual basis before they will either invest money in or lend it to a business. A second reason to switch is that accrual basis financial statements provide a more accurate representation of how well a business has performed during each reporting period; under the cash basis, variabilities in the timing of cash inflows and outflows can interfere with the results posted on the financial statements, leading to some variability in results from period to period.
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How to Switch from Cash to Accrual Basis Accounting
To convert from cash basis to accrual basis accounting, follow the steps noted below.
Add Accrued Expenses
Add back all expenses for which the company has received a benefit but has not yet paid the supplier or employee. This means you should accrue for virtually all types of expenses, such as wages earned but unpaid, direct materials received but unpaid, office supplies received but unpaid, and so forth.
Subtract Cash Payments
Subtract cash expenditures made for expenses that should have been recorded in the preceding accounting period. This also means reducing the beginning retained earnings balance, thereby incorporating these expenses into the earlier period.
Add Prepaid Expenses
Some cash payments may relate to assets that have not yet been consumed, such as rent deposits. Review expenditures made during the accounting period to see if there are any prepaid expenses, and move the unused portion of these items into an asset account. If you choose to do the same for expenditures made in prior periods, adjust the beginning retained earnings balance to remove the expenses that are now being shifted into a prepaid expenses asset account.
Add Accounts Receivable
Record accounts receivable and sales for all billings issued to customers and for which no cash has yet been received from them.
Subtract Cash Receipts
Some sales originating in a prior period may have been recorded within the current accounting period based on the receipt of cash in that period. If so, reverse the sale transaction and record it instead as a sale and account receivable in the preceding period. This will require an adjustment to the beginning retained earnings account.
Subtract Customer Prepayments
Customers may have paid in advance for their orders, which would have been recorded as sales under the cash basis of accounting. Record them as short-term liabilities until such time as the company has shipped the related goods or provided the indicated services.
Difficulty of Converting from Cash Basis to Accrual Basis
The conversion of cash basis to accrual basis accounting can be a difficult one, for any accounting software that has been configured for the cash basis is not designed to handle accrual basis accounting. This means that all conversion adjustments must be made manually, with journal entries. It may be easier to manage the conversion on a separate spreadsheet, and never include it in the formal accounting records at all.
It is quite possible that some transactions will be missed during the conversion from cash basis to accrual basis accounting. Unfortunately, the only way to be certain of a complete and accurate conversion is to examine all accounting transactions during the year being converted, as well as in the final quarter of the preceding year. Thus, the conversion is both labor intensive and expensive.
Further, a very complete set of accounting records is required to convert from the cash basis to the accrual basis. Since a business already on the cash basis is likely to be a small one with less funding for a full-time bookkeeper or controller, it is quite possible that the accounting records are in a sufficient state of disarray that the conversion cannot be made in a reliable manner.